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The stotras and artists, at.To some Vaishnava Hindus, Jagannath is an abstract representation of Krishna; to some Shaiva and Shakta Hindus, he is a symmetry- filled tantric representation of Bhairava; to some Buddhists, he is symbolism for Buddha in the Buddha- Sangha- Dhamma triad; to some Jains, his name and his festive rituals are derived from Jeenanath of Jainism tradition. The worship procedures, sacraments and rituals associated with Jagannath are syncretic. The Jagannath temple in Puri, Odisha is particularly significant in Vaishnavism, and is regarded as one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites in India. His image along with the other two associated deities, is ceremoniously brought out of the sacrosanctum (Garbhagriha) of his chief temple in Puri (Oriya: Bada Deula). They are placed in a chariot, which is then pulled by numerous volunteers, thus transported to the Gundicha Temple (located at a distance of nearly 3 kilometres (1. They stay there for a few days, and are thereafter returned to the main temple. Coinciding with the Ratha Yatra festival at Puri, similar processions are organized at Jagannath temples throughout the world. This festive public procession of Jagannath in Puri, where the heavy carriage becomes a . The word nath means . Thus, Jagannath means . Both names derive from . Further, on the basis of the physical appearance of the deity, names like . This hypothesis states that the Vedic people as they settled into tribal regions adopted the tribal words and called the deity Jagannath. Starza, this is unlikely because Kittung is phonetically unrelated, and the Kittung tribal deity is produced from burnt wood and looks very different from Jagannath. The icon lacks a neck, ears, and limbs, is identified by a large circular face symbolizing someone who is anadi (without beginning) and ananta (without end). He is shown with an Urdhva Pundra, the Vaishnava U- shaped mark on his forehead. His dark color and other facial features are an abstraction of the cosmic form of the Hindu god Krishna, states Starza. In some exceptional medieval and modern era paintings in museums outside India, such as in Berlin states Starza, Jagannath is shown . However, aniconic forms of Hindu deities are not uncommon. For example, Shiva is often represented in the form of a Shiva linga. In most Jagannath temples in the eastern states of India, and all his major temples such as the Puri, Odisha, Jagannath is included with his brother Balabhadra and sister Subhadra. Apart from the principal companion deities, Jagannath icon shows a Sudarshana Chakra and sometimes under the umbrella cover of multiheaded Sesha Naga, both linking him to Vishnu. He was one of the introduction to Hinduism to early European explorers and merchants who sailed into Calcutta and ports of the Bay of Bengal. The Italian Odoric of Pordenone who was a Franciscan friar, visited his temple and procession in 1. CE, and described him in the language of the Church. William Burton, visited his temple at Puri in 1. Jagarnat and described him to be . They are replaced every 1. Above: logs in transport to prepare the Jagannath icon. When shown with Balabhadra and Shubhadra, he is identifiable from his circular eyes compared to oval or almond shape shape of the other two abstract icons. Further, his icon is dark, while Balabhadra's face is white, and Subhadra icon is yellow. The third difference is the flat head of Jagannath icon, compared to semi- circular carved heads of the other two. It is approximately the same height as Balabhadra, is red in colour, carved from a wooden pillar and clothed, unlike its traditional representation as a small metal discus in other Vishnu temples. This form is sometimes called Patita Pavana. It is replaced with a newly carved image every 1. Hindu calendar when its month of Asadha occurs twice in the same year. According to them Jagannath is Sunnya Purusa, Nirakar and Niranjan who is ever present in Nilachala to do cosmic play .. The five Vaishnavite Sakhas . Jagannath is painted here in an anthromorphic form, his four hands carrying the same symbols as Vishnu. In the Jagannath tradition, he has the attributes of all the avatars of Vishnu. This belief is celebrated by dressing him and worshipping him as different avatars on special occasions. It is therefore believed that Jagannath is worshipped as a wooden murti or Daru Brahma with the Sri Narasimha hymn dedicated to the Narasimha Avatar. Other scholars refute this interpretation stating that the correct context of the hymn is . Therefore, while the Vedic connection is subject to interpretation, the overlap in the ideas exist. Some 1. 9th- century writers saw this as one evidence for Buddhist origins. For example, there exists an unexamined relic in the Jagannath shrine in Puri. However, in the Hindu tradition, a dead body is cremated, ashes returned to nature, and the mortal remains or bones are not preserved or adored. The existence of these legends, state some scholars such as Stevenson, suggests that Jagannath may have a Buddhist origin. The major annual procession festival has many features found in the Mahayana Buddhism traditions. Further the season in which the Ratha- Yatra festival is observed is about the same time when the historic public processions welcomed Buddhist monks for their temporary, annual monsoon- season retirement. Since caste barriers never existed among devotees in Jagannath's temple, and Buddhism was believed to have been a religion that rejected caste system, colonial era Indologists and Christian missionaries such as Verrier Elwin suggested that Jagannath must have been a Buddhist deity and the devotees were a caste- rejecting Buddhist community. Jayadeva, in Gita Govinda also has described Buddha as one among the Dasavatara. Indrabhuti, the ancient Buddhist king describes Jagannath as a Buddhist deity in Jnanasidhi. In Nepal, Buddha is also worshipped as Jagannath in Nepal. Evidence of the Jain terminology such as of Kaivalya, which means moksha or salvation, is found in the Jagannath tradition. It mentions the worship of a relic memorial in Khandagiri- Udayagiri, on the Kumara hill. This location is stated to be same as the Jagannath temple site. However, states Starza, a Jain text mentions the Jagannath shrine was restored by Jains, but the authenticity and date of this text is unclear. However, this could also be a later addition, or suggestive of tolerance, mutual support or close relationship between the Jains and the Hindus. The colors, state the scholars of the Vaishnava origin theory, link to black- colored Krishna and white- colored Balarama. They add that the goddess originally was Ekanamsa (Durga of Shaiva- Shakti tradition, sister of Krishna through his foster family). She was later renamed to Shubhadra (Lakshmi) per Vaishnava terminology for the divine feminine. While it is true that the Vaishnava Hindus in the eastern region of India worshipped the triad of Balarama, Ekanamsa and Krishna, it does not automatically prove that the Jagannath triad originated from the same. Some medieval texts, for example, present the Jagannath triad as Brahma (Subhadra), Shiva (Balarama) and Vishnu. The historic evidence and current practices suggest that the Jagannath tradition has a strong dedication to the Harihara (fusion Shiva- Vishnu) idea as well as tantric Sri Vidya practices, neither of which reconcile with the Vaishnava origins proposal. The use of wood as a construction material for the Jagannath icons may also be a tribal practice that continued when Hindus adopted prior practices and merged them with their Vedic abstractions. They continue to have special privileges such as being the first to view the new replacement images of Jagannath carved from wood approximately every 1. Further, this group is traditionally accepted to have the exclusive privilege of serving the principal meals and offerings to Jagannath and his associate deities. According to the Polish Indologist Olgierd M. |
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